Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) — Microdata Analysis Report

Analysis date: 7 April 2026 • Author: Dr Abhinav Kumar • Records: 1,148,634 • Years: 2024-25 • Tables: 48


1. Headline Indicators

Table 1.1: Key Indicators by Sex (PS+SS, All India, 15+, Rural+Urban)

YearPerson_LFPRMale_LFPRFemale_LFPRPerson_WPRMale_WPRFemale_WPRPerson_URMale_URFemale_UR
2024-2559.379.140.057.476.638.83.13.13.1

Table 1.2: Key Indicators by Sex (PS+SS, Rural, 15+)

YearPerson_LFPRMale_LFPRFemale_LFPRPerson_WPRMale_WPRFemale_WPRPerson_URMale_URFemale_UR
2024-2562.880.545.961.278.444.92.42.62.1

Table 1.3: Key Indicators by Sex (PS+SS, Urban, 15+)

YearPerson_LFPRMale_LFPRFemale_LFPRPerson_WPRMale_WPRFemale_WPRPerson_URMale_URFemale_UR
2024-2552.276.227.749.773.025.94.84.26.4

Table 1.4: Gender Gap (Male − Female) in Key Indicators (PS+SS, 15+)

YearGap_LFPRGap_WPRGap_UR
2024-2539.137.80.0

Table 1.5: PS+SS vs CWS Comparison (Person, All India, 15+)

YearPS+SS_Person_LFPRCWS_Person_LFPRPS+SS_Person_WPRCWS_Person_WPRPS+SS_Person_URCWS_Person_UR
2024-2559.354.757.451.83.15.4

2. Sector-wise Analysis

Table 2.1: LFPR by Sex × Sector (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)

sector_labelPerson_LFPRMale_LFPRFemale_LFPR
Rural62.880.545.9
Urban52.276.227.7

Table 2.2: WPR by Sex × Sector (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)

sector_labelPerson_WPRMale_WPRFemale_WPR
Rural61.278.444.9
Urban49.773.025.9

Table 2.3: UR by Sex × Sector (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)

sector_labelPerson_URMale_URFemale_UR
Rural2.42.62.1
Urban4.84.26.4

3. Education-wise Analysis

Table 3.1: LFPR by Education × Sex (PS+SS, Combined, 15+, 2024-25)

education_labelPerson_LFPRMale_LFPRFemale_LFPR
Not literate57.278.346.9
Literate w/o formal (EGS)58.882.940.5
Literate w/o formal (TLC)44.758.123.5
Literate w/o formal (Others)62.675.952.9
Below primary68.585.852.7
Primary67.188.445.9
Middle60.680.336.9
Secondary49.968.427.2
Diploma/Certificate49.569.126.2
Graduate78.688.251.9
Postgraduate & above66.286.939.2
70.788.651.6

Table 3.2: WPR by Education × Sex (PS+SS, Combined, 15+, 2024-25)

education_labelPerson_WPRMale_WPRFemale_WPR
Not literate57.078.046.9
Literate w/o formal (EGS)58.782.440.5
Literate w/o formal (TLC)44.758.123.5
Literate w/o formal (Others)61.673.752.9
Below primary68.285.352.6
Primary66.687.645.7
Middle59.678.736.6
Secondary48.966.826.9
Diploma/Certificate47.265.924.9
Graduate73.282.746.6
Postgraduate & above58.879.132.4
63.683.142.9

Table 3.3: UR by Education × Sex (PS+SS, Combined, 15+, 2024-25)

education_labelPerson_URMale_URFemale_UR
Not literate0.30.40.2
Literate w/o formal (EGS)0.30.50.0
Literate w/o formal (TLC)0.00.00.0
Literate w/o formal (Others)1.52.90.0
Below primary0.40.60.1
Primary0.70.90.3
Middle1.61.90.8
Secondary2.12.31.4
Diploma/Certificate4.74.65.0
Graduate6.96.210.2
Postgraduate & above11.29.017.4
10.06.216.8

Table 3.4: LFPR by Education × Sex (PS+SS, Rural, 15+, 2024-25)

education_labelPerson_LFPRMale_LFPRFemale_LFPR
Not literate60.378.951.3
Literate w/o formal (EGS)61.882.944.2
Literate w/o formal (TLC)59.980.128.3
Literate w/o formal (Others)73.979.668.5
Below primary72.787.059.5
Primary71.489.653.0
Middle63.981.342.4
Secondary53.670.133.0
Diploma/Certificate54.272.331.8
Graduate81.490.155.7
Postgraduate & above70.590.642.7
77.692.858.6

Table 3.5: WPR by Education × Sex (PS+SS, Rural, 15+, 2024-25)

education_labelPerson_WPRMale_WPRFemale_WPR
Not literate60.278.651.2
Literate w/o formal (EGS)61.782.744.2
Literate w/o formal (TLC)59.980.128.3
Literate w/o formal (Others)72.576.768.5
Below primary72.686.759.4
Primary71.088.852.9
Middle62.979.842.2
Secondary52.768.732.7
Diploma/Certificate51.769.030.4
Graduate75.384.249.3
Postgraduate & above62.282.234.5
68.887.046.0

Table 3.6: UR by Education × Sex (PS+SS, Rural, 15+, 2024-25)

education_labelPerson_URMale_URFemale_UR
Not literate0.20.30.1
Literate w/o formal (EGS)0.10.20.0
Literate w/o formal (TLC)0.00.00.0
Literate w/o formal (Others)1.93.70.0
Below primary0.30.30.2
Primary0.60.80.2
Middle1.51.80.5
Secondary1.82.01.1
Diploma/Certificate4.64.64.6
Graduate7.56.611.5
Postgraduate & above11.89.319.2
11.36.221.4

Table 3.7: LFPR by Education × Sex (PS+SS, Urban, 15+, 2024-25)

education_labelPerson_LFPRMale_LFPRFemale_LFPR
Not literate43.175.728.4
Literate w/o formal (EGS)51.082.832.1
Literate w/o formal (TLC)6.13.210.8
Literate w/o formal (Others)40.163.830.4
Below primary55.882.233.1
Primary56.385.428.6
Middle52.777.824.0
Secondary43.565.317.4
Diploma/Certificate42.063.717.7
Graduate75.485.948.0
Postgraduate & above62.683.836.4
67.086.148.3

Table 3.8: WPR by Education × Sex (PS+SS, Urban, 15+, 2024-25)

education_labelPerson_WPRMale_WPRFemale_WPR
Not literate42.875.028.2
Literate w/o formal (EGS)50.581.532.1
Literate w/o formal (TLC)6.13.210.8
Literate w/o formal (Others)40.163.830.4
Below primary55.381.133.1
Primary55.784.428.4
Middle51.576.023.5
Secondary42.363.517.0
Diploma/Certificate39.960.716.6
Graduate70.881.143.9
Postgraduate & above56.076.430.7
60.980.841.4

Table 3.9: UR by Education × Sex (PS+SS, Urban, 15+, 2024-25)

education_labelPerson_URMale_URFemale_UR
Not literate0.70.90.5
Literate w/o formal (EGS)0.91.50.0
Literate w/o formal (TLC)0.00.00.0
Literate w/o formal (Others)0.00.00.0
Below primary1.01.40.1
Primary1.11.20.9
Middle2.22.22.0
Secondary2.72.82.5
Diploma/Certificate4.94.66.1
Graduate6.15.68.5
Postgraduate & above10.68.815.7
9.26.214.3

4. State-wise Analysis

Table 4.1: LFPR by State (PS+SS, Combined, 15+, 2024-25)

state_namePerson_LFPRMale_LFPRFemale_LFPR
Sikkim74.781.366.7
Himachal Pradesh73.282.564.7
Meghalaya72.380.664.3
Nagaland72.179.764.5
Chhattisgarh71.683.559.8
Arunachal Pradesh71.380.561.7
Andaman & Nicobar Islands67.284.050.3
Ladakh66.270.961.0
Daman & Diu66.085.338.3
Gujarat65.283.446.2
Madhya Pradesh65.183.546.1
Jammu & Kashmir65.076.353.1
Rajasthan64.577.052.3
Odisha63.280.647.3
Manipur62.974.352.2
Tamil Nadu62.378.347.3
Tripura62.178.946.3
Assam61.981.742.8
Telangana61.477.146.4
Andhra Pradesh60.978.344.8
Jharkhand59.877.043.7
West Bengal59.582.537.9
Maharashtra59.578.439.9
Karnataka59.479.439.8
Kerala57.475.841.2
Uttarakhand56.375.537.8
Chandigarh56.174.835.6
Punjab55.279.230.2
Uttar Pradesh55.278.932.4
Mizoram53.967.838.0
Puducherry51.872.732.7
Goa51.273.427.4
Haryana50.475.023.8
Bihar49.375.624.8
Lakshadweep46.376.121.9
Delhi44.271.513.1

Table 4.2: WPR by State (PS+SS, Combined, 15+, 2024-25)

state_namePerson_WPRMale_WPRFemale_WPR
Sikkim72.378.864.5
Chhattisgarh70.081.558.5
Himachal Pradesh69.978.362.2
Meghalaya68.978.060.0
Nagaland67.375.559.1
Arunachal Pradesh66.675.757.1
Daman & Diu64.983.738.1
Gujarat64.682.545.9
Madhya Pradesh64.182.145.6
Ladakh63.567.958.8
Jammu & Kashmir61.773.349.6
Rajasthan61.773.849.9
Odisha61.377.946.2
Andaman & Nicobar Islands60.578.742.0
Tripura60.477.944.1
Tamil Nadu60.275.845.6
Manipur59.771.648.4
Assam59.679.040.9
Andhra Pradesh58.374.943.0
Telangana58.373.244.1
Jharkhand58.274.542.9
Maharashtra58.076.439.1
Karnataka58.077.638.8
West Bengal57.880.336.8
Kerala54.973.538.6
Uttar Pradesh53.776.631.7
Uttarakhand53.471.436.0
Chandigarh52.973.230.6
Mizoram52.666.137.2
Punjab52.375.628.0
Puducherry49.069.730.1
Haryana48.171.522.8
Bihar47.472.624.0
Goa46.967.125.4
Lakshadweep43.171.919.6
Delhi41.667.412.2

Table 4.3: UR by State (PS+SS, Combined, 15+, 2024-25)

state_namePerson_URMale_URFemale_UR
Andaman & Nicobar Islands10.06.216.4
Goa8.38.67.3
Lakshadweep6.95.610.5
Nagaland6.75.38.4
Arunachal Pradesh6.66.07.4
Delhi5.95.77.4
Chandigarh5.72.014.2
Puducherry5.44.27.9
Punjab5.34.67.3
Manipur5.13.67.2
Uttarakhand5.15.44.7
Telangana5.05.14.8
Jammu & Kashmir4.93.96.5
Meghalaya4.83.26.6
Haryana4.54.64.0
Himachal Pradesh4.55.04.0
Kerala4.43.16.4
Rajasthan4.34.24.6
Andhra Pradesh4.24.34.0
Ladakh4.04.33.7
Bihar3.84.03.0
Assam3.73.44.3
Tamil Nadu3.43.23.6
Sikkim3.23.13.4
Odisha2.93.32.4
West Bengal2.82.73.1
Uttar Pradesh2.72.92.1
Jharkhand2.73.21.7
Tripura2.71.44.8
Maharashtra2.42.52.1
Mizoram2.42.52.1
Chhattisgarh2.32.42.2
Karnataka2.32.42.3
Daman & Diu1.61.90.7
Madhya Pradesh1.51.71.1
Gujarat0.91.10.7

Table 4.4: LFPR by State × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)

state_namePerson_LFPRMale_LFPRFemale_LFPR
Sikkim74.781.366.7
Himachal Pradesh73.282.564.7
Meghalaya72.380.664.3
Nagaland72.179.764.5
Chhattisgarh71.683.559.8
Arunachal Pradesh71.380.561.7
Andaman & Nicobar Islands67.284.050.3
Ladakh66.270.961.0
Daman & Diu66.085.338.3
Gujarat65.283.446.2
Madhya Pradesh65.183.546.1
Jammu & Kashmir65.076.353.1
Rajasthan64.577.052.3
Odisha63.280.647.3
Manipur62.974.352.2
Tamil Nadu62.378.347.3
Tripura62.178.946.3
Assam61.981.742.8
Telangana61.477.146.4
Andhra Pradesh60.978.344.8
Jharkhand59.877.043.7
West Bengal59.582.537.9
Maharashtra59.578.439.9
Karnataka59.479.439.8
Kerala57.475.841.2
Uttarakhand56.375.537.8
Chandigarh56.174.835.6
Punjab55.279.230.2
Uttar Pradesh55.278.932.4
Mizoram53.967.838.0
Puducherry51.872.732.7
Goa51.273.427.4
Haryana50.475.023.8
Bihar49.375.624.8
Lakshadweep46.376.121.9
Delhi44.271.513.1

Table 4.5: WPR by State × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)

state_namePerson_WPRMale_WPRFemale_WPR
Sikkim72.378.864.5
Chhattisgarh70.081.558.5
Himachal Pradesh69.978.362.2
Meghalaya68.978.060.0
Nagaland67.375.559.1
Arunachal Pradesh66.675.757.1
Daman & Diu64.983.738.1
Gujarat64.682.545.9
Madhya Pradesh64.182.145.6
Ladakh63.567.958.8
Jammu & Kashmir61.773.349.6
Rajasthan61.773.849.9
Odisha61.377.946.2
Andaman & Nicobar Islands60.578.742.0
Tripura60.477.944.1
Tamil Nadu60.275.845.6
Manipur59.771.648.4
Assam59.679.040.9
Andhra Pradesh58.374.943.0
Telangana58.373.244.1
Jharkhand58.274.542.9
Maharashtra58.076.439.1
Karnataka58.077.638.8
West Bengal57.880.336.8
Kerala54.973.538.6
Uttar Pradesh53.776.631.7
Uttarakhand53.471.436.0
Chandigarh52.973.230.6
Mizoram52.666.137.2
Punjab52.375.628.0
Puducherry49.069.730.1
Haryana48.171.522.8
Bihar47.472.624.0
Goa46.967.125.4
Lakshadweep43.171.919.6
Delhi41.667.412.2

Table 4.6: UR by State × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)

state_namePerson_URMale_URFemale_UR
Andaman & Nicobar Islands10.06.216.4
Goa8.38.67.3
Lakshadweep6.95.610.5
Nagaland6.75.38.4
Arunachal Pradesh6.66.07.4
Delhi5.95.77.4
Chandigarh5.72.014.2
Puducherry5.44.27.9
Punjab5.34.67.3
Manipur5.13.67.2
Uttarakhand5.15.44.7
Telangana5.05.14.8
Jammu & Kashmir4.93.96.5
Meghalaya4.83.26.6
Haryana4.54.64.0
Himachal Pradesh4.55.04.0
Kerala4.43.16.4
Rajasthan4.34.24.6
Andhra Pradesh4.24.34.0
Ladakh4.04.33.7
Bihar3.84.03.0
Assam3.73.44.3
Tamil Nadu3.43.23.6
Sikkim3.23.13.4
Odisha2.93.32.4
West Bengal2.82.73.1
Uttar Pradesh2.72.92.1
Jharkhand2.73.21.7
Tripura2.71.44.8
Maharashtra2.42.52.1
Mizoram2.42.52.1
Chhattisgarh2.32.42.2
Karnataka2.32.42.3
Daman & Diu1.61.90.7
Madhya Pradesh1.51.71.1
Gujarat0.91.10.7

Table 4.7: LFPR by State (PS+SS, Rural, 15+, 2024-25)

state_namePerson_LFPRMale_LFPRFemale_LFPR
Sikkim81.284.277.3
Nagaland75.882.269.8
Chhattisgarh75.784.467.0
Meghalaya75.482.967.8
Himachal Pradesh75.483.568.1
Daman & Diu75.187.159.5
Arunachal Pradesh73.681.465.5
Gujarat71.085.456.3
Madhya Pradesh70.785.955.3
Rajasthan69.278.160.7
Tamil Nadu68.780.657.9
Jammu & Kashmir68.077.358.4
Andaman & Nicobar Islands67.485.551.0
Ladakh67.270.463.9
Telangana66.577.756.1
Maharashtra66.080.651.3
Odisha65.781.951.2
Andhra Pradesh65.280.451.1
Tripura64.679.950.2
Manipur64.076.152.5
Jharkhand63.678.450.0
Karnataka63.581.845.9
Assam63.382.344.9
West Bengal62.284.341.7
Kerala60.077.344.9
Lakshadweep59.686.429.4
Uttarakhand58.775.343.2
Puducherry58.172.744.9
Uttar Pradesh57.779.737.1
Mizoram56.770.939.3
Punjab56.478.833.8
Haryana51.074.126.5
Bihar50.276.426.1
Goa49.871.327.0
Delhi42.268.710.6

Table 4.8: WPR by State (PS+SS, Rural, 15+, 2024-25)

state_namePerson_WPRMale_WPRFemale_WPR
Sikkim78.981.875.3
Daman & Diu74.886.659.3
Chhattisgarh74.382.865.9
Nagaland72.679.965.6
Himachal Pradesh72.579.566.3
Meghalaya72.480.764.1
Gujarat70.584.656.1
Arunachal Pradesh70.078.061.7
Madhya Pradesh70.084.855.1
Rajasthan67.476.259.1
Tamil Nadu66.978.356.6
Jammu & Kashmir65.474.755.9
Maharashtra65.079.150.6
Ladakh64.867.562.0
Telangana63.974.354.2
Odisha63.979.450.1
Tripura63.179.247.8
Andhra Pradesh63.077.449.7
Jharkhand62.676.749.6
Karnataka62.280.145.1
Andaman & Nicobar Islands61.780.444.8
Assam61.279.743.2
Manipur61.073.948.6
West Bengal60.782.340.7
Kerala57.374.842.1
Uttar Pradesh56.477.636.6
Uttarakhand56.271.841.8
Mizoram56.069.639.3
Lakshadweep55.982.825.6
Puducherry54.869.341.7
Punjab53.275.031.2
Haryana49.271.325.8
Bihar48.673.925.6
Goa43.862.723.9
Delhi40.966.610.3

Table 4.9: UR by State (PS+SS, Rural, 15+, 2024-25)

state_namePerson_URMale_URFemale_UR
Goa11.912.111.4
Andaman & Nicobar Islands8.46.012.1
Lakshadweep6.24.112.8
Puducherry5.74.67.1
Punjab5.64.87.4
Arunachal Pradesh4.94.15.8
Manipur4.82.97.4
Kerala4.43.26.2
Nagaland4.32.86.0
Uttarakhand4.24.73.4
Meghalaya3.92.75.4
Telangana3.94.43.3
Jammu & Kashmir3.83.34.4
Himachal Pradesh3.84.82.8
Ladakh3.64.13.0
Haryana3.53.82.7
Andhra Pradesh3.43.72.8
Assam3.33.23.6
Delhi3.13.03.3
Bihar3.03.32.1
Sikkim2.72.92.6
Odisha2.63.12.0
Tamil Nadu2.62.92.2
Rajasthan2.52.52.6
Tripura2.40.94.8
West Bengal2.42.42.4
Uttar Pradesh2.22.61.5
Karnataka2.02.11.8
Chhattisgarh1.81.91.6
Maharashtra1.61.81.3
Jharkhand1.62.10.8
Mizoram1.21.80.0
Madhya Pradesh0.91.30.4
Gujarat0.70.90.4
Daman & Diu0.50.60.4

Table 4.10: LFPR by State (PS+SS, Urban, 15+, 2024-25)

state_namePerson_LFPRMale_LFPRFemale_LFPR
Andaman & Nicobar Islands67.082.249.2
Nagaland63.874.652.1
Daman & Diu61.684.427.5
Arunachal Pradesh61.377.043.9
Manipur59.969.151.4
Himachal Pradesh59.776.740.9
Ladakh59.574.241.6
Meghalaya59.069.750.2
Sikkim57.773.141.4
Gujarat57.180.731.7
Chandigarh56.174.835.6
Chhattisgarh55.979.932.5
Tamil Nadu55.676.035.9
Kerala54.674.337.4
Telangana54.176.332.5
Jammu & Kashmir53.972.732.7
Karnataka53.676.131.0
Punjab53.679.724.9
West Bengal53.578.529.3
Andhra Pradesh53.174.433.2
Rajasthan53.174.430.3
Assam52.978.129.2
Maharashtra52.476.027.5
Goa52.074.627.6
Odisha51.874.829.1
Madhya Pradesh51.878.124.5
Uttarakhand51.676.026.9
Tripura51.374.729.9
Mizoram51.164.536.7
Haryana49.676.020.3
Puducherry48.872.826.6
Uttar Pradesh46.976.616.0
Jharkhand45.571.918.7
Delhi44.271.513.2
Lakshadweep43.373.320.5
Bihar42.970.013.9

Table 4.11: WPR by State (PS+SS, Urban, 15+, 2024-25)

state_namePerson_WPRMale_WPRFemale_WPR
Daman & Diu60.382.427.2
Andaman & Nicobar Islands59.076.838.0
Gujarat56.379.631.3
Manipur56.265.048.0
Nagaland55.666.443.9
Ladakh55.270.037.2
Sikkim54.970.338.6
Himachal Pradesh53.671.733.4
Meghalaya53.365.243.5
Tamil Nadu53.173.233.7
Chhattisgarh53.076.330.3
Chandigarh52.973.230.6
Kerala52.372.234.8
Karnataka52.074.129.9
Arunachal Pradesh51.766.135.8
West Bengal51.475.827.7
Punjab51.076.323.1
Maharashtra50.673.526.5
Telangana50.471.729.7
Madhya Pradesh50.175.823.3
Andhra Pradesh49.870.430.7
Assam49.574.326.2
Odisha49.471.627.5
Tripura49.372.028.5
Mizoram49.262.335.2
Goa48.969.726.3
Jammu & Kashmir48.368.325.8
Uttarakhand47.970.924.6
Rajasthan47.768.225.9
Haryana46.771.819.0
Puducherry46.369.924.4
Uttar Pradesh44.873.614.9
Delhi41.667.412.2
Jharkhand41.666.416.5
Lakshadweep40.368.918.5
Bihar38.563.611.6

Table 4.12: UR by State (PS+SS, Urban, 15+, 2024-25)

state_namePerson_URMale_URFemale_UR
Arunachal Pradesh15.614.218.4
Nagaland12.811.015.7
Andaman & Nicobar Islands12.06.522.8
Bihar10.49.116.8
Jammu & Kashmir10.36.021.2
Himachal Pradesh10.36.518.3
Rajasthan10.18.414.6
Meghalaya9.66.513.2
Jharkhand8.57.711.8
Ladakh7.35.710.7
Uttarakhand7.26.78.6
Lakshadweep7.16.09.9
Telangana6.86.08.7
Assam6.44.910.4
Andhra Pradesh6.25.57.5
Manipur6.25.96.6
Goa6.16.64.8
Delhi6.05.87.5
Chandigarh5.72.014.2
Haryana5.75.66.3
Puducherry5.23.98.5
Chhattisgarh5.24.56.7
Sikkim4.93.86.9
Punjab4.94.27.1
Odisha4.74.45.6
Tamil Nadu4.43.76.0
Uttar Pradesh4.43.97.1
Kerala4.32.96.7
Tripura3.93.64.8
West Bengal3.93.45.3
Mizoram3.63.34.2
Maharashtra3.53.43.8
Madhya Pradesh3.42.95.0
Karnataka2.92.73.3
Daman & Diu2.22.51.1
Gujarat1.41.31.5

5. Religion-wise Analysis

Table 5.1: LFPR by Religion × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)

religion_labelPerson_LFPRMale_LFPRFemale_LFPR
Buddhism61.176.644.9
Christianity62.776.749.5
Hinduism60.279.041.7
Islam53.280.027.8
Jainism51.278.324.8
Others67.376.258.7
Sikhism55.977.333.7
Zoroastrianism49.163.836.7

Table 5.2: WPR by Religion × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)

religion_labelPerson_WPRMale_WPRFemale_WPR
Buddhism59.173.344.2
Christianity60.474.247.4
Hinduism58.376.640.5
Islam51.477.526.8
Jainism50.277.723.5
Others63.873.354.6
Sikhism53.073.631.6
Zoroastrianism49.163.836.7

Table 5.3: UR by Religion × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)

religion_labelPerson_URMale_URFemale_UR
Buddhism3.44.31.7
Christianity3.63.24.1
Hinduism3.03.13.0
Islam3.23.13.6
Jainism1.80.75.1
Others5.23.77.0
Sikhism5.14.76.1
Zoroastrianism0.00.00.0

6. Social Group Analysis

Table 6.1: LFPR by Social Group × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)

social_group_labelPerson_LFPRMale_LFPRFemale_LFPR
OBC58.678.739.3
Others53.976.931.0
SC61.380.542.8
ST73.183.862.6

Table 6.2: WPR by Social Group × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)

social_group_labelPerson_WPRMale_WPRFemale_WPR
OBC56.976.438.2
Others51.974.429.6
SC59.377.741.5
ST71.581.761.5

Table 6.3: UR by Social Group × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)

social_group_labelPerson_URMale_URFemale_UR
OBC3.03.02.9
Others3.73.34.7
SC3.33.52.8
ST2.12.51.7

7. Age-wise Analysis

Table 7.1: LFPR by Age Group × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)

age_groupPerson_LFPRMale_LFPRFemale_LFPR
15-2946.064.027.5
30-4475.998.654.8
45-5973.895.752.5
60+37.253.821.4

Table 7.2: WPR by Age Group × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)

age_groupPerson_WPRMale_WPRFemale_WPR
15-2941.458.024.4
30-4475.097.554.2
45-5973.795.452.5
60+37.153.721.4

Table 7.3: UR by Age Group × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)

age_groupPerson_URMale_URFemale_UR
15-299.99.311.3
30-441.11.11.2
45-590.20.30.1
60+0.10.10.1

8. CWS Analysis

Table 8.1: CWS LFPR by Sex × Sector (15+, 2024-25)

sector_labelPerson_LFPRMale_LFPRFemale_LFPR
Rural57.277.537.8
Urban49.773.825.2

Table 8.2: CWS WPR by Sex × Sector (15+, 2024-25)

sector_labelPerson_WPRMale_WPRFemale_WPR
Rural54.573.636.3
Urban46.369.222.9

Table 8.3: CWS UR by Sex × Sector (15+, 2024-25)

sector_labelPerson_URMale_URFemale_UR
Rural4.75.04.0
Urban6.96.29.1

Table 8.4: PS+SS vs CWS Full Comparison (15+, 2024-25)

SectorPS+SS_Person_LFPRCWS_Person_LFPRPS+SS_Male_LFPRCWS_Male_LFPRPS+SS_Female_LFPRCWS_Female_LFPRPS+SS_Person_WPRCWS_Person_WPRPS+SS_Male_WPRCWS_Male_WPRPS+SS_Female_WPRCWS_Female_WPRPS+SS_Person_URCWS_Person_URPS+SS_Male_URCWS_Male_URPS+SS_Female_URCWS_Female_UR
Combined59.354.779.176.240.033.857.451.876.672.138.832.03.15.43.15.43.15.3
Rural62.857.280.577.545.937.861.254.578.473.644.936.32.44.72.65.02.14.0
Urban52.249.776.273.827.725.249.746.373.069.225.922.94.86.94.26.26.49.1

9. Multi-dimensional Analysis

Table 9.1: LFPR by Education × Sex × Sector (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)

education_labelsector_labelPerson_LFPRMale_LFPRFemale_LFPRPerson_WPRMale_WPRFemale_WPRPerson_URMale_URFemale_UR
Below primaryRural72.787.059.572.686.759.40.30.30.2
Below primaryUrban55.882.233.155.381.133.11.01.40.1
Diploma/CertificateRural54.272.331.851.769.030.44.64.64.6
Diploma/CertificateUrban42.063.717.739.960.716.64.94.66.1
GraduateRural81.490.155.775.384.249.37.56.611.5
GraduateUrban75.485.948.070.881.143.96.15.68.5
Literate w/o formal (EGS)Rural61.882.944.261.782.744.20.10.20.0
Literate w/o formal (EGS)Urban51.082.832.150.581.532.10.91.50.0
Literate w/o formal (Others)Rural73.979.668.572.576.768.51.93.70.0
Literate w/o formal (Others)Urban40.163.830.440.163.830.40.00.00.0
Literate w/o formal (TLC)Rural59.980.128.359.980.128.30.00.00.0
Literate w/o formal (TLC)Urban6.13.210.86.13.210.80.00.00.0
MiddleRural63.981.342.462.979.842.21.51.80.5
MiddleUrban52.777.824.051.576.023.52.22.22.0
Not literateRural60.378.951.360.278.651.20.20.30.1
Not literateUrban43.175.728.442.875.028.20.70.90.5
Postgraduate & aboveRural70.590.642.762.282.234.511.89.319.2
Postgraduate & aboveUrban62.683.836.456.076.430.710.68.815.7
PrimaryRural71.489.653.071.088.852.90.60.80.2
PrimaryUrban56.385.428.655.784.428.41.11.20.9
SecondaryRural53.670.133.052.768.732.71.82.01.1
SecondaryUrban43.565.317.442.363.517.02.72.82.5
Rural77.692.858.668.887.046.011.36.221.4
Urban67.086.148.360.980.841.49.26.214.3

Table 9.2: State Rankings: Top 10 & Bottom 10 by LFPR (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)

Rankstate_namePerson_LFPRMale_LFPRFemale_LFPRPerson_WPRMale_WPRFemale_WPRPerson_URMale_URFemale_UR
1Sikkim74.781.366.772.378.864.53.23.13.4
2Himachal Pradesh73.282.564.769.978.362.24.55.04.0
3Meghalaya72.380.664.368.978.060.04.83.26.6
4Nagaland72.179.764.567.375.559.16.75.38.4
5Chhattisgarh71.683.559.870.081.558.52.32.42.2
6Arunachal Pradesh71.380.561.766.675.757.16.66.07.4
7Andaman & Nicobar Islands67.284.050.360.578.742.010.06.216.4
8Ladakh66.270.961.063.567.958.84.04.33.7
9Daman & Diu66.085.338.364.983.738.11.61.90.7
10Gujarat65.283.446.264.682.545.90.91.10.7
27Chandigarh56.174.835.652.973.230.65.72.014.2
28Punjab55.279.230.252.375.628.05.34.67.3
29Uttar Pradesh55.278.932.453.776.631.72.72.92.1
30Mizoram53.967.838.052.666.137.22.42.52.1
31Puducherry51.872.732.749.069.730.15.44.27.9
32Goa51.273.427.446.967.125.48.38.67.3
33Haryana50.475.023.848.171.522.84.54.64.0
34Bihar49.375.624.847.472.624.03.84.03.0
35Lakshadweep46.376.121.943.171.919.66.95.610.5
36Delhi44.271.513.141.667.412.25.95.77.4

Table 9.3: LFPR/WPR/UR by Religion × Social Group (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)

religion_labelsocial_group_labelLFPRWPRUR
BuddhismOBC86.185.01.3
BuddhismOthers68.462.29.1
BuddhismSC59.257.43.1
BuddhismST69.366.63.9
ChristianityOBC60.058.13.1
ChristianityOthers56.354.13.8
ChristianitySC61.759.63.3
ChristianityST68.766.23.7
HinduismOBC60.058.32.9
HinduismOthers53.751.63.8
HinduismSC61.459.43.2
HinduismST73.872.41.9
IslamOBC51.449.73.3
IslamOthers55.353.53.1
IslamSC68.768.70.0
IslamST67.866.42.1
JainismOBC56.356.00.4
JainismOthers50.349.32.0
JainismSC62.458.46.4
JainismST100.0100.00.0
OthersOBC68.867.22.4
OthersOthers54.347.512.6
OthersSC73.871.33.3
OthersST70.467.44.1
SikhismOBC57.154.15.2
SikhismOthers50.648.05.2
SikhismSC60.857.75.1
SikhismST31.730.72.9
ZoroastrianismOthers48.748.70.0
ZoroastrianismSC57.157.10.0

Table 9.4: Youth vs Overall Comparison (PS+SS, 2024-25)

CategoryPerson_LFPRMale_LFPRFemale_LFPRPerson_WPRMale_WPRFemale_WPRPerson_URMale_URFemale_UR
Youth (15-29)46.064.027.541.458.024.49.99.311.3
Overall (15+)59.379.140.057.476.638.83.13.13.1

Table 9.5: Employment Type Distribution by Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)

emp_typeFemaleMale
Casual labour17.621.6
Regular wage/salaried18.226.5
Self-employed64.252.0

Table 9.6: Education × Status Comparison: PS+SS vs CWS (15+, 2024-25)

Statuseducation_labelLFPRWPRUR
PS+SSBelow primary68.568.20.4
PS+SSDiploma/Certificate49.547.24.7
PS+SSGraduate78.673.26.9
PS+SSLiterate w/o formal (EGS)58.858.70.3
PS+SSLiterate w/o formal (Others)62.661.61.5
PS+SSLiterate w/o formal (TLC)44.744.70.0
PS+SSMiddle60.659.61.6
PS+SSNot literate57.257.00.3
PS+SSPostgraduate & above66.258.811.2
PS+SSPrimary67.166.60.7
PS+SSSecondary49.948.92.1
PS+SS70.763.610.0
CWSBelow primary63.362.02.1
CWSDiploma/Certificate45.241.87.4
CWSGraduate74.567.19.9
CWSLiterate w/o formal (EGS)53.653.01.2
CWSLiterate w/o formal (Others)55.954.72.1
CWSLiterate w/o formal (TLC)32.932.90.0
CWSMiddle56.254.23.4
CWSNot literate51.750.71.9
CWSPostgraduate & above62.553.015.3
CWSPrimary61.960.42.4
CWSSecondary46.344.63.8
CWS67.058.113.3

10. Methodology

Survey Overview

The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) is conducted by the National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), Government of India. It is an annual survey providing estimates of labour force indicators at the national and state levels. This report covers the annual round(s) 2024-25.

Indicator Definitions

Activity Status Classification

Code RangeCategorySub-category
11–21EmployedSelf-employed
31EmployedRegular wage/salaried
41–51EmployedCasual labour
81–82UnemployedSeeking/available for work
91–98Not in Labour ForceDomestic duties, education, etc.

PS+SS (Usual Principal + Subsidiary Status)

CWS (Current Weekly Status)

Uses the current weekly activity status code directly with the same classification scheme.

Weighting Scheme

Weight = Multiplier / (100 × no_qtr), where no_qtr is the number of quarters in which the stratum appears. This is the standard NSS weighting scheme for annual estimates.

Age Filter

All standard labour force indicators are computed for persons aged 15 years and above.

Data Sources

Unit-level microdata from validated parquet extracts for the selected PLFS round(s), with variable metadata sourced from the NADA catalogue and original PLFS documentation.

The report is built from validated parquet extracts for 2024-25. Available integrity checks: column_count, column_names, first_5_rows, row_count, sex_distribution, state_count, weight_sum. Overall parquet validation status: PASS.


11. Validation: Microdata vs Official API

No official indicator-validation comparisons were available for the selected year(s). The report still includes parquet-integrity validation in the methodology section and manifest.